US Politics – Foundations, Federalism, Civil Liberties, and Voting Practice Test

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• Under the amendment process, who is authorized to propose amendments by the usual method?
• Applicable to many cases is which characteristic?
• How do block grants differ from categorical grants?
• What term describes a professional who works to influence public policy in his or her clients' favor?
• Build on prior studies is a characteristic of scientific knowledge known as:
• Which term describes the incentive misalignment between citizens and their elected representatives due to separation of powers?
• Shelby County v. Holder decision about preclearance?
• The 15th Amendment prohibits denying the right to vote based on which attribute?
• Miranda v. Arizona requires police to inform suspects of their rights before questioning, known as what?
• What term describes decision shortcuts that reduce the need for heavy information gathering?
• Roe v. Wade is about which constitutional issue?
• Which term captures using simple cues, such as party loyalty, to decide how to vote without detailed policy analysis?
• Which term best describes a government in which the people are represented by elected officials?
• Which concept best describes knowledge that is supported by evidence and can be tested against evidence?
• A statement that describes what should happen or what ought to be is called a:
• The president and vice president hold concurrent four-year terms. This describes which branch?
• Which term describes a statement about what is, based on facts?
• An estimate of how far off the polls sample may be from correctly representing the population is called what?
• What term refers to goods that, once produced, cannot be restricted regardless of payment?
• Which test determines Establishment Clause violations by requiring secular purpose, primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion, and no excessive entanglement?
• Which case is associated with establishing a constitutional right to privacy in relation to childbearing and contraception?
• Which concept refers to the challenge of aligning voters' desires with the actions of their elected representatives?
• Which word best describes a group that seeks to influence legislative decisions?
• Which protections are provided by the Eighth Amendment?
• Which case established the standard for limiting free speech as the "clear and present danger"?
• What did Madison identify as the solution to the problem of ambition counteracting ambition?
• Which concept encompasses self-interest, representation, conflict in government, and power being checked?
• What is a key difference between civil liberties and civil rights?
• Which term is associated with judging political options by simple cues rather than full policy analysis?
• The Supremacy Clause is located in which article?
• What is devolution in federalism?
• How often are elections held for the House of Representatives?
• Which rights are guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment?
• Which practice involves directly contacting policymakers to advocate for a group's goals?
• The presidential term length is four years. What is the length of the presidential term?
• Which clause prohibits the government from prohibiting an individual from practicing his or her religion?
• Near v. Minnesota is best known for which principle regarding the press?
• Which Supreme Court decision in 1973 affirmed a woman's right to obtain an abortion under privacy rights doctrine?
• Which statement about the Voting Rights Act of 1965 is accurate?
• Individuals' feelings toward members of their own political party become more positive, while toward opposing parties more negative describes what?
• Mapp v. Ohio established which rule about evidence?
• Madison argued that a large national government would be less susceptible to faction if representation occurred through which form?
• Which type of issues are more likely to bring about outcomes that we all want, such as peace, prosperity, and honesty in government?
• Which activities illustrate citizen participation beyond voting?
• How many Senators does each state have?
• Which type of powers are shared between the national and state governments?
• Which amendment guarantees due process?
• Which court case is associated with preventing coerced confessions?
• If federal law conflicts with state law, what is the result according to the U.S. Constitution?
• The 13th Amendment abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude (except as punishment for crime).
• Which doctrine excludes evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure, often referred to as 'fruit of the poisonous tree'?
• Which description accurately reflects Fifth Amendment protections?
• Which term describes a political arrangement where states maintain sovereignty but join in common causes?
• Name two landmark cases that established federal power under the Commerce Clause.
• Which clause authorizes Congress to make all laws that are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers?
• Which concept describes voting based on personal finances like income and job prospects?
• Obscene speech is defined as lacking what kind of value?
• P*B>C; P = probability vote matters, B = benefit of your candidate winning, C = Cost is associated with which concept?
• The 19th Amendment guarantees
• Which provision protects the free exercise of religion?
• Tells why phenomena occur is the characteristic known as:
• The clause declaring that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land is known as what?
• Which concept describes the dispersion of powers across separate branches to prevent tyranny?
• Which term refers to a system where citizens directly make laws rather than electing representatives?
• What is the primary significance of the Commerce Clause?
• Which term describes powers that belong to the federal government and are listed in the Constitution?
• Which case first applied the First Amendment to limit state action by incorporating through the Fourteenth Amendment?
• A statement that describes what is, based on facts, is called a:
• The Fourth Amendment protects against which government action?
• What term refers to goods that, once produced, can be restricted to those who pay for them?
• Which set of powers is described as legislative powers?
• Which feature established both the House of Representatives and the Senate?
• A system where voters cast ballots to elect electors who then vote for the president is known as what?
• Which type of issues are characterized by broad agreement and general acceptance, rather than divisive policy choices?
• Which concept explains how the principal can ensure that the agent acts in the principal's interest?
• The prohibition on poll taxes in federal elections is found in which amendment?
• Where does the National Voter Registration Act require voter registration opportunities?
• Which term describes the motivation to participate in politics when the participation is driven by belief in the value of the cause?
• Who supported the new constitution and favored a strong central government?
• Bicameral legislature with representation based on state population is associated with which plan?
• Ratification of the Constitution required approval by how many states?
• Which plan featured a bicameral Congress with a proportional lower house and an upper house with equal representation?
• Which term refers to electing lawmakers to act as delegates to make laws?
• Which term is the standard measure of how accurately poll results reflect the population?
• Which plan proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state?
• What term describes a group of self-interested, passionate citizens who band together to achieve their goals?
• Which case established the undue burden standard for evaluating abortion restrictions?
• Which role is a person who represents an interest group in advocating policy goals?
• What did the 17th Amendment change about senatorial elections?
• Which description best matches the set of powers such as taxation, borrowing money, regulating commerce, naturalization, coinage, post offices, piracy, and war?
• In regards to commercial speech, restrictions may be upheld when the government demonstrates what?
• How many electoral votes are needed to win the presidency in the Electoral College?
• Which concept explains voting based on macroeconomic conditions such as economic growth or unemployment?
• The idea that a claim can be rejected in light of contradictory information describes which concept?
• Which voting behavior uses societal conditions like economic growth or unemployment to guide choices?
• The First Amendment protects freedom of speech, press, assembly, petition, and which other core right, along with the two church-state clauses?
• What term describes an organization that seeks to influence government decision making?
• Which term describes knowledge that is applicable beyond a single case and can be generalized?
• What is federalism?
• Which term best describes voting influenced by the overall health of the economy rather than personal finances?
• In the discussions of factions, which concept is described as a solution by channeling self-interest through representation?
• In evaluating Establishment Clause challenges, courts most commonly apply the Lemon test, which includes secular purpose, neutrality, and which third factor?
• The social scientific study of political institutions and political behavior is called:
• Which term is associated with a framework of governance designed to restrain popular majorities and protect minority rights?
• Which protection prevents being tried twice for the same crime?
• Through which amendment are most of the Bill of Rights protections applied to state governments?
• The incorporation of civil liberties to apply to the states is achieved primarily through which amendment?
• What does the principle of popular sovereignty mean in the U.S. political system?
• Brandenburg v. Ohio established which standard for restricting speech?
• Which clause establishes that national law takes precedence over state law?
• Which term encompasses any attempt to influence what the political system does?
• Which case extended the 'one person, one vote' principle to state senate and house districts?
• Cantwell v. Connecticut helped incorporate which First Amendment protection to apply to the states?
• Which case extended the Free Exercise rights to apply to state actions through the Fourteenth Amendment?
• Which statement about civic participation beyond voting is accurate?
• Which amendment protects the freedom of speech?
• Which doctrine prohibits the use of evidence obtained through an unlawful search and seizure?
• The Lemon test assesses whether a law violates the Establishment Clause by examining which three elements?
• Which mechanism is most associated with protecting minority voting rights through federal oversight and preclearance?
• Which article deals with the ratification of the Constitution?
• Which term describes the idea that an explanation need not be 100% accurate, but is probabilistic?
• What does the National Voter Registration Act require?
• What did McCulloch v. Maryland establish regarding implied powers and the supremacy clause?
• Which clause gives Congress the authority to pass laws necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers?
• Which amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishments?
• What did Gibbons v. Ogden decide about interstate commerce?
• What is the significance of Gitlow v. New York for incorporation?
• What are benefits that can only come from group membership?
• Which amendment guarantees a speedy, public trial by jury?
• Which system has citizens make laws directly rather than through elected representatives?
• Which case established the 'one person, one vote' principle in drawing state legislative districts?
• The first ten amendments to the Constitution are collectively known as what?
• Which clause is associated with implied powers that allow Congress to act beyond its enumerated powers?
• Which Federalist paper was aimed at addressing antifederalist fears of a remote government with unelected senators and an indirectly elected president?
• Scientific discoveries should be made explicit so others can analyze and replicate. This quality is described as:
• Selective incorporation is the process by which most of the Bill of Rights protections are applied to the states through which amendment?
• Which case struck down the Voting Rights Act's coverage formula for preclearance?
• Which branch is primarily responsible for making laws?
• Which article defines how constitutional amendments are proposed and ratified?
• Which statement is representative of the critique of pluralist theory?
• What happens when all individuals share a limited resource, hurting the collective as a whole?
• Which clause prohibits government establishment of a state religion while allowing individuals to practice their religion freely?
• Citizens United v. FEC and its impact on campaign finance?
• Duncan v. Louisiana (1972) is known for?
• Which statement about the Electoral College is true?
• A person who enjoys a good without sharing in the cost is best described as a?
• Planned Parenthood v. Casey addresses abortion regulations by allowing states to regulate with what standard?
• Barron v. Baltimore established that the Bill of Rights restricts which level of government before incorporation?
• Baker v. Carr is known for which principle?
• Which term describes voters avoiding significant information costs because their one vote won't likely decide the election?
• Greater agreement within each party and sharper differences between the two parties describes which phenomenon?
• Which clause prohibits Congress from establishing an official religion or impeding free exercise of religion?
• What activity involves communicating directly with policymakers on behalf of a group's goals?
• Which term describes a system in which the federal government and states cooperate through shared powers and joint programs?
• Which term describes the social and camaraderie benefits some groups use to attract members?
• What term describes a framework for a political system that serves the public good?
• Which term is used for a statement about what should be done or valued?
• Reynolds v. Sims expanded the 'one person, one vote' principle to which types of districts?
• Which term describes investments you could make to be involved in politics that could have been used for other pursuits?
• Which amendment prohibits the government from taking private property for public use without just compensation?
• Which voting behavior focuses on personal finances such as income and job prospects when choosing a candidate?
• How do civil liberties differ from civil rights?
• Which article establishes the judicial branch of the U.S. Constitution?
• Gideon v. Wainwright guaranteed what right for indigent defendants?
• Which statement best contrasts dual federalism with cooperative federalism?
• Which article addresses state-to-state relations and requires states to respect each other's laws?
• Which case established a constitutional right to privacy in marital contraception?
• What term describes the feeling of belonging and socializing with others?
• Which term describes the property that findings can be shared so others can analyze and replicate?
• Which term describes a claim that aims to explain why a phenomenon occurs?
• Which branch of government has the power to interpret laws?
• Which theory posits that American society is pluralistic, composed of many diverse interests?
• Which case upheld abortion rights but allowed states to regulate abortion with undue burdens?
• Which term describes the satisfaction derived from advancing a cause or issue stance?
• Which principle states that the executive, judicial, and legislative branches have checks and balances over each other?
• A situation where individuals must choose between acting in their own self-interest or for the benefit of the group is called?
• The 14th Amendment provides citizenship, due process, and equal protection; it is the basis for incorporation of rights to the states.
• The Fourth Amendment protects against which of the following?
• Which concept describes voting based on the distance between a voter's ideal point and candidates' positions?
• What does the Supremacy Clause establish?
• Which amendment lowered the voting age to 18?
• Which constitutional provision prohibits the government from establishing a national religion?
• Which case held that a neutral law of general applicability can burden religious practice without requiring exemptions?
• Which concept refers to benefits offered to members to recruit or retain membership?
• Which term describes the process by which knowledge grows by incorporating prior results?
• Which term describes a problem where individuals overuse a shared resource, depleting its value for everyone?
• The 24th Amendment prohibits what in federal elections?
• Who opposed the new constitution, fearing it would intrude on states' rights?
• What is the intended effect of having overlapping powers across branches?
• Which model states that voters choose the candidate closest to their own ideological position?
• A union of independent states where each state retains its sovereignty is?
• Which of the following is a classic example of checks and balances?
• Under which clause does national law take precedence over state law?
• Which concept describes increasing negative feelings toward opposing parties while increasing positive feelings toward one's own party?
• The power to regulate commerce with other nations and among the states is described by which clause?
• Which case refined abortion regulations after Roe v. Wade by requiring that restrictions not pose an undue burden on a woman’s right?
• How were Senators chosen according to the material?
• What is the Tenth Amendment and its role in federalism?
• Which amendment prohibits double jeopardy protections?
• The requirement for grand jury indictment for capital cases is part of which amendment?
• Which system elects lawmakers to act as delegates to make laws on behalf of citizens?
• Which activity did Gibbons v. Ogden explicitly protect as under federal regulation?
• Which plan is sometimes referred to as the Great Plan?
• U.S. v. Lopez decided what about the Commerce Clause?
• In Tinker v. Des Moines, when are students' free speech rights protected in schools?